Hetian Jade of the moist sea wet wind characteristics _

China's technology sector, whether ancient or modern, according to the process of stone, is generally divided into Po (stone), Jade (stone), stone three-class, which is thousands of years of experience. Basic geological sector using technology sector category, if the national Office of the Chief Editor of mineral reserves Committee of the mineral industry requires reference manual (1987, divided into gem, jade, carving stone three categories). Gems is a transparent Crystal, hardness in Moldova's 7 degrees, value are more expensive. Jade generally refers to a block of many mineral aggregates or minerals, translucent and opaque, hardness and Moldova's 4 to 7 degrees, its value is divided into Chui, jade, Crystal, stone, etc. Carving stone generally refers to the many mineral aggregates or minerals, hardness of less than 4 degrees, Moldova can be divided into seal stones, inkstone, decorative stone, etc. In recent years, the country has developed a jewellery name standards, gem, jade name do the new provisions, including natural jade name directory to mineral or rock named 30 variety, this indicates that China's stone varieties of rich, however, common, mainly pyroxene, amphibole, quartz, serpentine type and so on. The business has declined in value, the jade into high-grade, medium and low. Archaeological data show that China's ancient jade known there are several. Mr Boda Professor will prehistoric jade divided into three main sections, i.e. Flash, Yu-wei (produced in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Shandong), Yao Kun Jade (produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong, Shandong, Anhui, some parts of) the ball Lam Ngoc (produced in the new, Gansu, Qinghai and other provinces). This is divided according to regions. The variety of jade, ancient title a lot, especially the Qing Xu Shou-series of the Jade spectrum class series, the release name hundreds of jade name. The modern scientific tests, jade mineral composition, the varieties are many, but the relative concentration. As Hongshan culture jade to serpentine type, and amphibole; Liangzhu culture jade to amphibole; Northwest of Yangshao culture and family culture jade to amphiboles, and have the serpentine group. Visible, regardless of the Northeast, South, or West, jade is the main varieties of amphiboles and serpentine jade stone. It is worth noting that amphibole, ten thousand years ago the Chinese ancestors has long recognized that the fairy hole Paleolithic sites and culture, XING long WA enquiries sea culture jade, jade excavated material is tremolite, this shows the amazing talents of the Chinese ancestor. Therefore, nephrite, then said to them after the comparison, that is one of the best nephrite, although it appeared later than serpentine jade, ousted King in the Jade monument. In order to put nephrite jade and other ancients distinguished, nephrite jade called true, other jade is referred to as "non-genuine jade". How ancient jade, Li Chunfeng's achievement in the debate, said: "its color tones, such as the fat of the dye, the sound of knocking out the gold-Qing diversion of sound, but complex, and Sheng-yuan Shen, slowly party, this is also true jade." The pickups "contains:" rich than Royal rituals, when the world treasures is singular, all recipe foreign income. Their love slave Xiang wind wonderful sound, was Yu don't know their place. Statements, jade, acoustic heavy sex soft. Eastern South jade sound coolness of clean, and sexual. Their words sound cleaning, that adorns the production, but also non-true jade. " Nephrite's moist, the ancients have criteria, such as the Eastern Han Hui Shen 's" five virtues ", moist" ritzy to warm, "and" Hu Li from outside "," its "and" acoustic shuyang isn't Flex and bend "," Rui Lim without zhi "five aspects, that is, the texture soft, miles, sound Chhnang, mass hard breaks not front. Modern research by experts, nephrite jade with other, major features have the following six terms: i. minerals for tremolite, minerals have very fine particle size, felt-like structure world tremolite is tremolite, actinolite. Hetian jade is impervious to amphiboles, mineral composition is tremolite. Main characteristics: first, tremolite content is extremely high, generally above 95 per cent, with 99 per cent, white-blue white jade to 98 per cent, Sapphire is 97% (95% ~ 99%), and similar tremolite of nephrite tremolite content is higher. The second is the mineral impurities. Generally 1 percent. 3 per cent, more than 1 percent. The third is the mineral size very fine, micro-crystalline and amorphous materials. Tremolite minerals in polarized microscope see for fibrous, needle-shaped, leaf-like, in the transmission electron microscope for columnar, short cylindrical fibrous. Size of the fine at home and abroad of similar tremolite is rare. Fourth, the structure of a typical to blankets, granularity, interweaving into felt blanket General, this is a delicate texture of important causes, tight and this structure for the few other classes of jade. Second, delicate texture, soft texture is Jade quality integrated features, including shape, moisturizing, cracks, inclusions, and so on. Hetian jade due to its mineral composition and structural characteristics, determines its good quality. In: one, because of its very fine particle size, so the texture is very delicate, the ancients called "careful and chestnut", as the other jade. The second is a soft, nourishing Peter, that is, with FAT (FAT), to moisten a soft feel, is the ancient people of the so-called "soft and Peter", white jade is Jade moisturizing as white as is famous all over the world. Third, there is a moderate transparency, that is, the "head" is transparent, chisel all of jade appeared, angry. Fourth, impurities, rarely reaches the level of perfection, and miles away, is the tradition of the so-called "cannot obscure great virtues, Yu not hide flaws", or "Hu Li self, can know". Third, hardness greater hardness is one of the important criteria for quality jade, hardness, the Jade polishing, brightness, and are capable of long-term preservation. Therefore, the technology sector in the past in the Division of low and high quality jade, hardness is an important indicator, in General, high hardness, low hardness is small. The hardness of nephriteThe determination of Moldova's hardness 6.5 ~ 6.9, and Fei similar, rather than the serpentine Jade (hardness of 2-6, usually 4 or so) and pyrophyllite class stone (hardness General low, generally 2.5 ~ 4). Dushan jade, hardness and nephrite, however the quality is better than nephrite. Fourth, toughness significantly toughness is extremely important for jade, toughness, and you can not easily be broken, and wear-resistant, jade art modeling and refinement have great benefits. Tough combat hardness, hardness, such as black diamond Moab's hardness of 10, Crystal Mo's hardness of 7, but combating low hardness, a play that is broken. While nephrite Moab's hardness is not high and diamond and crystals, but against the hardness is high. As far as determination of the compressive strength of nephrite was as high as 6542 kg/sq cm, that is, such as crushed nephrite, must be applied on a per square centimeter around 6.5 tons of pressure; crushed steel, you only need to exert pressure on 4-5 tons. Toughness is abrasive hardness, nephrite is tremolite, toughness is its characteristics. According to the world's gem of toughness, black diamond is 10, tremolite is 9, emeralds, rubies, sapphires is 8, diamond, Crystal, aquamarine is a 7 �� 7.5, olive shaped 6, Emerald 5.5, Jing, moon shaped 5, cat's eye, fluorite stone as 3 to 2. As to tremolite toughness is 1000, other jade or mineral relative toughness: Emerald 500, serpentine (such as the Jade) 250, quartz rock 10 ~ 20, quartz 2-5, corundum, 3 2 MICA. Visible, tremolite toughness in jade is the maximum, this is the most important hetian jade, is another gem does compare. 5. color pure, of dilute Po white jade jade color is very important to the process of identification, including hue, colour purity, color concentration areas. Jade has a wide variety of colors, jade color varies from time seeking, such as Chinese, in the "third generation" popular cyan, autumn begins to subsequent generations of popular white, late Qing dynasty jade green fashion. World tremolite color basically for white, blue, yellow, black, green (green), 5 color, there are a number of intermediate colors. Hetian jade as a very low iron content, Basic for the first four colors, white jade, Sapphire, Topaz, moyu 4 broad categories, and further Division of species, such as white, white jade, white, green and white. And ultramafic rocks contain tremolite, actinolite, containing iron to the Green, which is basically a Jasper. Hetian jade color, comparison with other jade, main characteristics: first, the colour purity, as the ancients said: "yellow as steamed white chestnut, such as cutting fat, as black as pure paint, that jade character. "There is a white jade, this is the unique beauty of nephrite. People call it the connotation of "shirt, body such as clean and smooth ningzhi, kin, thick and soft, it can sustain the civilizing, exorcise from blast, is beneficial for users. "Three is a renovation. Since ancient times, on a renovation. Ming dynasty scientist Song Yingxing said: "of jade in the Marina, there is more than pure impurity for vertical and horizontal rulers, take thought the keeper of the ancient emperors, so-called liancheng bi, easily. Its aspect or six inch stainless impurity, dead to Cup, this is also when the treasures. "Nephrite for a renovation of the skin, according to the characteristics can be divided into color skin, sugar Peel, stone skin. Color of the skin is Jade rind has a layer of brown or brown thin skin (thickness about l mm) due to oxidation, can be seen from the skin color of jade quality, such as autumn pears, tiger skin, the skin for the child, and so on, usually on white. Candy jade rind with a thick, brown sugar, qiemo jade often have this type of jade, with white or green jade. There are stone skin is the outer stone wall rocks will be taken and the rock to be jade, jade is "cut their skin and the depot. " Six beautiful , sound jade hit back sound, this is an ancient jade important property for identification. Hetian jade jade Qing, tap the sound of a long winding more gold for financing of the ring, while complex, residual tone sink away, slowly party. This is Jade de in "the sound of tapping this its winding more to long, its end qu. "This feature, other non-tremolite is not. (World tremolite original deposit, located in China, Canada, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, more than 20 countries. Canada jade scientist Jeff (s.f.leaming), the original deposit types are divided into two categories: metamorphic rocks and serpentine type. Metamorphic-also known as non-serpentine type, produced in carbonate and clastic rocks, causes for modification. Serpentine type produced in serpentine, to explain the reason. We host rocks for classification based on the original deposit into two categories: mg-carbonate rock type and ultramafic rock type, which can be divided into acidic intrusives and magnesium carbonate contact zone type (nephrite) and metamorphic carbonate type in magnesia (Longxi Jade). According to the study, nephrite deposits not Li Ming (s.f.learming) said the cause of the deterioration, but contact with Genesis. Hetian jade original deposits in the world with typical tremolite. Its main feature is the ore : (1) distributed in the southern Tarim plate uplift, exposed Precambrian of metamorphic and have more than one period of intrusive pluton, faults, the deposit number distribution in major fault zone near the crowds distribution characteristics. (2) deposit is made in acidic intrusions and magnesium carbonate of external contact. (3), magnesium carbonate, dolomite marble, produced in the Proterozoic metamorphic, much as the lens, the rock Mg () content at 20 percent, the iron content is low, the iron content separate from low to high formation of white and green jade. (4) of the intrusions have granite, granodiorites, diorite, mostly small rock, Lode, particularly intrusive beddingLittle Rock in the vein mineralization, which is more favourable to the Paleozoic era. Chemical constituents from the intrusions are generally the SiO:, FeO less A1: 0, MgO, K20, Na2 () on the high side. (5) mineralization related fracture is a branch of the main fracture fracture, are usually the intrusions contact, rock layers, broken shear plane "Trinity" tectonic zone of mineralization in the best position. (6) the wall rock alteration with distinct zonation, skarn with magnesium, from the inside to take out order, were: curtain petrochemical and potassium acid sui in long petrochemical intrusive rock band a diopside-tremolite band a-forsterite with ?serpentine belt a dolomitic marble belt. Ore mainly in tremolite belt. (7) the ore body is not large, mineralized zone hundreds meters long, the longest on km, width of dozens of meters. There is a belt in the mineralized vein in a disjoint distribution, generally a few metres long to dozens m, width several meters. Vein of ore can be used in smaller, more than a few meters to long m, width of less than one metre. (8) Jade varieties to Sapphire-based, less white. In the vein, usually the side near the intrusions are green jade, green-white, white. In the Neolithic age, the southern Tarim basin, said to have discovered nephrite, its specific's yet to be studied. For thousands of years, nephrite jade in Chinese culture and history of culture, the ancients had reached a conclusion. Given the current situation, it is necessary to trace the nephrite in thousands of years in a number of important events. 1. nephrite discovery, local people develop a transport route of nephrite, that is, the road of "Jade". The road of "Jade", for the past ten years, China's academic concern is more widely recognized. According to Professor Yang Boda, "nephrite to Zhongyuan output time approximately 5000 to 6000 years. "" This is my way of jade and the first one communication things political, cultural and commercial routes, is the longest, use the oldest land transport arteries. "This road is subsequently laid the foundation of the Silk Road, this historical contribution is indelible. 2. in the Chinese numerous jade through long-term use and early identification, that is nephrite jade leader. Therefore, from the Zhou dynasty, Xia dynasty began to nephrite has become the main Palace, jade, jade. From the Shang Fu good large jade tomb indicates that the late Shang dynasty in China use nephrite has reached the first peak. 3. the Chinese traditional culture and profound, dates back to ancient times. Especially to par as the representative of Confucian doctrine, to love as the Center, in traditional culture has an important role. Spring and Autumn period, pipes, Confucius to nephrite's physical properties than attached to moral, "de", "de", the Jade of moral of unprecedented upsurge, as Chinese people love Jade provides spiritual pillar, creating a love jade is one of the characteristics of the Chinese culture. Worthy that traditional jade in today's Socialist construction of spiritual civilization still has importance. 4. Emperor, the Emperor of China, has been introduced to the Palace of the Qing dynasty, mostly nephrite jade. In particular, the symbol of Imperial jade seal, the vast majority of production is nephrite, such as 200 years of the Qing dynasty Imperial jade seal, existing used Sage-worship of the Temple of the forbidden city, 25 2 sides respectively, which in addition to the wood and gold, all the rest is used for jade, the vast majority of whom are nephrite. 5. from the historical records of the Han dynasty began to compile, the Qing dynasty chronology project grew larger ensembles. In these brilliant historical documents, records, nephrite jade is difficult for others to see. This historical fact, are recognized for history. As the Ming dynasty scientist Song Yingxing said: "where jade ... Your users do for Tian ". Pharmacy Shizhen also said: "the Department has also produced jade now ... more Hetian jade alone in your ". At the beginning of the century, the founder of China's geology chapter hongzhao-ya "in the stated:" the Chinese since the past number of jade, the land of its birth jade, slightly and Friedrich, of details contained in the registry, and only minutes from the West. First as Minister of the texts of the MU Yugong Yi-biography of the Emperor, and put the book down historiographer of the dynasties of the Cambridge University Press, and where the wild ride of prescriptions by even though wuza cannot maintain lift ... The so-called ancient jade-producing region, statements from China, Western region. " 6. Chinese jade, jade, congratulating one argument. However, as Professor Yang Boda said "operators, the Western Zhou period, Chinese jades from primitive society of colored stone age entered the jades to nephrite-oriented era". Chinese jade in the world known as unique "Oriental art", is an important part of Chinese culture, Chinese culture. Nephrite jade in Chinese jade played a very important role, it can be said that if there is no nephrite, China is not so brilliant Chinese jade, nor so brilliant Chinese jade culture. 7. ancient Xinjiang hetian jade is with the national communication medium. Antiquity, the Queen Mother of the Yellow Emperor in Xinjiang, Yao, Shun Xian Yu-tang, yuhuan, jade pieces of legend, King and Queen Mother of the weekly Al-grip will be the Jasper, the Kunlun Jade's story. Warring States period, nephrite has presented for Bowen of Xinjiang into, "Kunshan jade, this three non-Ong. "(The records of the Chao family"), later generations of jade, which are then presented in Xinjiang into. Tang dynasty poet Du Fu's poem said: "Bo law day West jade River, Jian Kun PI to Anglo most. Old heap with the Chin Han, less for Imperial treasure million pilocarpine. "As the Yuan dynasty in the Uighur poet Matsu often said:" the Jade Riverside cordierite, receives East countries vulnerable to Mulberry Ma. "Magnificent nephrite, set up the national friendship bridge, the national friendship and unity of the witness. China since ancient times "hatchets stating," said that jade is also a symbol of peace. 8. along with the rise of modern geology, nephrite for international geological community. In the late 19th century, Chinese jadeFor mass flow abroad, 1863, France mineralogist de Moore (Adamoar), nephrite jade and jade, jade, jade material after the mineralogy, jade is divided into two categories, namely "Nephrite" and "Jadeite", which means nephrite jade, which means that this category in the world of pop, to the East, that translated into "nephrite '" and "Jadeite". The Jade taxonomies, worthy of discussion and study, but from another perspective, that the international community and nephrite jade, recognized the world numerous jade "essence". Nowadays some foreign publishing gem writings on China's highly of nephrite. The 1980s, from New Zealand, Australia, Canada and other countries jade scientist of international jade delegation to visit Xinjiang, they said Xinjiang hetian jade in the world. United Kingdom Needham Research Professor in the history of science and technology in China and the world famous, he said: "Xinjiang hetian (Yutian) and Yarkand local mountain and water are two millennia main perhaps is the only production-center. "In the international jade market, nephrite jade as raw material for ancient graces. 9. after the founding of new China, Chinese jade raw materials are trees, except for the fairway from abroad, domestic gemlike to nephrite especially white jade Malachite for high-end, high-value, especially since reform and opening up, the price increase of the domestic jade is rare.